module.psm1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
#requires -Modules 'Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility' -Assembly System.Security -Version 3.0
<#
    Functions for the Authorization against Azure Active Directory
    Copyright Chris Speers, Avanade 2016
    No warranty implied or expressed, side effects include insomnia, runny nose, vomiting
#>


#Winforms Sync Context
$Script:FormSyncContext=[hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})
#Discovery Key Cache
$Script:DiscoveryKeyCache=@{}


#Default Native Client Redirect Uri
$Script:DefaultNativeRedirectUri="urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob"

$Script:DefaultAuthUrl='https://login.microsoftonline.com'
$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion="2.1"
$Script:WSFedUserRealmApiVersion="1.0"
#Fungible resource id for ASM and ARM
$Script:DefaultAzureManagementUri='https://management.core.windows.net/'
$Script:DefaultARMUri='https://management.azure.com/'
$Script:DefaultAzurePortalUri='https://portal.azure.com/'
$Script:DefaultAzureVaultUri='https://vault.azure.net'
#Fungible resource id for Legacy and Modern Graph API
$Script:DefaultAzureADGraphUri='https://graph.windows.net/'
$Script:DefaultMicrosoftGraphUri='https://graph.microsoft.com/'
#Native client id for ASM,ARM,graph
$Script:DefaultPowershellClientId='1950a258-227b-4e31-a9cf-717495945fc2'
$Script:DefaultAzurePortalClientId='c44b4083-3bb0-49c1-b47d-974e53cbdf3c'
$Script:DefaultAzureActiveDirectoryClientId="00000002-0000-0000-c000-000000000000"
$Script:DefaultVisualStudioClientId="872cd9fa-d31f-45e0-9eab-6e460a02d1f1"
$Script:DefaultAzureCLIClientId="04b07795-8ddb-461a-bbee-02f9e1bf7b46"

$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownResourceIds=@{
    ARM=$Script:DefaultARMUri;
    ASM=$Script:DefaultAzureManagementUri;
    Portal=$Script:DefaultAzurePortalUri;
    Vault=$Script:DefaultAzureVaultUri;
    Graph=$Script:DefaultAzureADGraphUri;
    MicrosoftGraph=$Script:DefaultMicrosoftGraphUri;
}
$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownClientIds=@{
    PowershellARM=$Script:DefaultPowershellClientId;
    Portal=$Script:DefaultAzurePortalClientId;
}
$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownConnections=New-Object psobject -Property @{
    ARM=@{Resource=$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownResourceIds['ASM'];ClientId=$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownClientIds['PowershellARM']}
    Portal=@{Resource=$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownResourceIds['Portal'];ClientId=$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownClientIds['Portal']}
    Vault=@{Resource=$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownResourceIds['Vault'];ClientId=$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownClientIds['PowershellARM']}
    Graph=@{Resource=$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownResourceIds['Graph'];ClientId=$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownClientIds['PowershellARM']}
}

$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_Defaults=New-Object psobject -Property @{
    DefaultUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl;
    DefaultRedirectUri=$Script:DefaultNativeRedirectUri;
    Connections=$Global:Azure_ActiveDirectory_WellKnownConnections;
}
#endregion

$Script:OauthClientAssertionType='urn:ietf:params:oauth:client-assertion-type:jwt-bearer'

#region SAML Constants
$Script:Saml1AssertionType="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:assertion"
$Script:Saml2AssertionType="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"
$Script:SamlBearer11TokenType="urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:saml1_1-bearer"
$Script:SamlBearer20TokenType = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:saml2-bearer";
#TODO:OAuth OnBehalfOf
$Script:JwtBearerTokenType = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer";

#region STS Envelope
$Script:WSTrustSoapEnvelopeTemplate=@"
    <s:Envelope xmlns:s='http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope'
                xmlns:a='http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing'
                xmlns:u='http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd'>
        <s:Header>
        <a:Action s:mustUnderstand='1'>http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512/RST/Issue</a:Action>
        <a:messageID>urn:uuid:{2}</a:messageID>
        <a:ReplyTo><a:Address>http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/anonymous</a:Address></a:ReplyTo>
        <a:To s:mustUnderstand='1'>{3}</a:To>
        <o:Security s:mustUnderstand='1' xmlns:o='http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd'>
            <u:Timestamp u:Id='_0'>
                <u:Created>{4}</u:Created>
                <u:Expires>{5}</u:Expires>
            </u:Timestamp>
            <o:UsernameToken u:Id='uuid-{2}'>
                <o:Username>{0}</o:Username>
                <o:Password>{1}</o:Password>
            </o:UsernameToken>
        </o:Security>
        </s:Header>
        <s:Body>
        <trust:RequestSecurityToken xmlns:trust='http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512'>
        <wsp:AppliesTo xmlns:wsp='http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/09/policy'>
        <a:EndpointReference>
        <a:Address>urn:federation:MicrosoftOnline</a:Address>
        </a:EndpointReference>
        </wsp:AppliesTo>
        <trust:KeyType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512/Bearer</trust:KeyType>
        <trust:RequestType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512/Issue</trust:RequestType>
        </trust:RequestSecurityToken>
        </s:Body>
    </s:Envelope>
"@

#endregion

#region Helper methods

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Converts a Unix Timestamp to DateTime
    .PARAMETER UnixTime
        The Unix Timestamp to be converted
#>

Function ConvertFromUnixTime
{
    [OutputType([System.DateTime])]
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true)]
        [double[]]$UnixTime
    )
    foreach ($item in $UnixTime) {
        $epoch = New-Object System.DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
        $normaltime=$epoch.AddSeconds($item)
        Write-Output $normaltime        
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Converts a DateTime to a Unix Timestamp
    .PARAMETER DateTime
        The DateTime to be converted
#>

Function ConvertToUnixTime
{
    [OutputType([System.Double])]
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true)]
        [datetime[]]$DateTime
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($item in $DateTime) {
            $epoch = New-Object System.DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
            $delta = $item - $epoch;
            $unixtime=[Math]::Floor($delta.TotalSeconds)
            Write-Output $unixtime        
        }        
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Removes Base64 Url Padding from a string
    .PARAMETER Data
        The Input String
#>

Function RemoveBase64UrlPaddingFromString
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true)]
        [String[]]$Data
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($item in $Data)
        {
            $UnpaddedData=$item.Replace('-', '+').Replace('_', '/')
            switch ($item.Length % 4)
            {
                0 { break }
                2 { $UnpaddedData += '==' }
                3 { $UnpaddedData += '=' }
                default { throw New-Object ArgumentException('data') }
            }
            Write-Output $UnpaddedData
        }
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Adds Base64 Url Padding to a string
    .PARAMETER Data
        The Input String
#>

Function AddBase64UrlPaddingToString
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true)]
        [String[]]$Data
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($item in $Data)
        {
            $CleanedInput=$item.Split('=')|Select-Object -First 1
            #$CleanedInput=$CleanedInput.Replace('-','+').Replace('_','/')
            $CleanedInput=$CleanedInput.Replace('+','-').Replace('/','_')
            Write-Output $CleanedInput
        }
    }
}

Function GetRsaCryptoProvider
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [System.Security.Cryptography.RSACryptoServiceProvider]
        $RsaProvider
    )

    if($RsaProvider.CspKeyContainerInfo.ProviderType -in 1,12)
    {
        $csp=New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.CspParameters
        $csp.KeyNumber=$RsaProvider.CspKeyContainerInfo.KeyNumber
        $csp.KeyContainerName=$RsaProvider.CspKeyContainerInfo.KeyContainerName
        if($RsaProvider.CspKeyContainerInfo.MachineKeyStore)
        {
            $csp.Flags=[System.Security.Cryptography.CspProviderFlags]::UseMachineKeyStore
        }
        $csp.Flags=$csp.Flags -bor [System.Security.Cryptography.CspProviderFlags]::UseExistingKey
        $csp.ProviderType=24
        $NewRsaProvider=New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.RSACryptoServiceProvider($csp)
        Write-Output $NewRsaProvider
    }
    else
    {
        Write-Output $RsaProvider
    }
}

Function GetCertificateHash
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true)]
        [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2[]]
        $Certificate
    )
    BEGIN
    {

    }
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($Cert in $Certificate)
        {
            $Signature=[System.Convert]::ToBase64String($Cert.GetCertHash())
            Write-Output $Signature
        }
    }
    END
    {

    }
}

Function NewClientAssertion
{
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Audience,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2]$Certificate,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String]$ClientId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String]$JwtId=([Guid]::NewGuid().ToString()),
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [datetime]$Expires=($NotBefore.AddMinutes(60)),
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [DateTime]$NotBefore=([DateTime]::UtcNow)
    )

    $JwtHeaders=[ordered]@{
        "alg"="RS256";
        "x5t"=($Certificate|GetCertificateHash|AddBase64UrlPaddingToString)
    }
    $JwtPayload=[ordered]@{
        "aud"=$Audience.AbsoluteUri;
        "exp"= (ConvertToUnixTime -DateTime $Expires);
        "iss"=$ClientId;
        "jti"=$JwtId;
        "nbf"= (ConvertToUnixTime -DateTime $NotBefore);
        "sub"=$ClientId;
    }

    $HeaderJson=$JwtHeaders|ConvertTo-Json -Compress
    $PayloadJson=$JwtPayload|ConvertTo-Json -Compress

    $HeaderBytes=[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes($HeaderJson)
    $HeaderString=[Convert]::ToBase64String($HeaderBytes)|AddBase64UrlPaddingToString
    $PayloadBytes=[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes($PayloadJson)
    $PayloadString=[Convert]::ToBase64String($PayloadBytes)|AddBase64UrlPaddingToString

    $EncodedAssertion="$HeaderString.$PayloadString"
    Write-Output $EncodedAssertion
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Creates a new WinForm hosting a WebBrowser control to navigate to a URI
    .PARAMETER NavigateUri
        The Uri for the WebBrowser to navigate upon form load
    .PARAMETER FormTitle
        The default title on the form
    .PARAMETER FormWidth
        The form width
    .PARAMETER FormHeight
        The form height
#>

Function CreateWebForm
{
    [OutputType([System.Windows.Forms.Form])]
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$NavigateUri,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [string]$FormTitle,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [int]$FormWidth,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [int]$FormHeight,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Windows.Forms.FormStartPosition]$StartupPosition=[System.Windows.Forms.FormStartPosition]::CenterParent
    )

    $Script:FormSyncContext=[hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})
    #New WinForm
    $FormSize = New-Object System.Drawing.Size($FormWidth,$FormHeight)
    $objForm = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Form

    #Navigate on load
    $OnFormLoad={
        param
        (
            [Parameter()]
            [object]
            $sender,
            [Parameter()]
            [System.EventArgs]
            $e
        )
        Write-Verbose "Loaded! Navigating to $($Script:FormSyncContext.NavigateUri)"
        $Script:FormSyncContext.Browser.Navigate($Script:FormSyncContext.NavigateUri,$false)
    }
    $objForm.add_Load($OnFormLoad)

    #Add a web browser control
    $webBrowser=New-Object System.Windows.Forms.WebBrowser
    $webBrowser.Location=(New-Object System.Drawing.Point(0,0))
    $webBrowser.MinimumSize=(New-Object System.Drawing.Size(20, 20))
    $webBrowser.Dock=[System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle]::Fill
    $webBrowser.Name="WebBrowser"

    #$objForm.StartPosition = "CenterScreen"
    $objForm.AutoScaleMode=[System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode]::Font
    $objForm.AutoScaleDimensions=New-Object System.Drawing.SizeF(6.0,13.0)
    $objForm.ClientSize=$FormSize
    $objForm.Controls.Add($webBrowser)
    $objForm.Text = $FormTitle

    [System.Windows.Forms.Application]::EnableVisualStyles()

    #Put these on the sync context
    $Script:FormSyncContext.Form=$objForm
    $Script:FormSyncContext.Browser=$webBrowser
    $Script:FormSyncContext.NavigateUri=$NavigateUri.AbsoluteUri
    Write-Output $objForm
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Evaluates the WSFederation Metadata for the IntegratedAuth and UsernamePassword endpoints
    .PARAMETER MexDocument
        The WSFederation Metadata Document
#>

Function GetMexPolicies
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    [OutputType([System.Collections.Hashtable])]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true)]
        [System.Xml.XmlDocument]$MexDocument
    )

    $MexPolicies=@{}

    foreach ($policy in $MexDocument.definitions.Policy)
    {
        if($policy.ExactlyOne -eq $null)
        {
            continue
        }
        else
        {
            Write-Verbose "[GetMexPolicies] Examining Policy $($policy.Id)"
            $AllElement=$policy.ExactlyOne.All
            $NegElem=$AllElement.NegotiateAuthentication

            if($NegElem -ne $null)
            {
                Write-Verbose "[GetMexPolicies] IntegratedAuth policy $($policy.Id) Added."
                $MexPolicies.Add("#$($policy.Id)",(New-Object PSObject -Property @{Id=$policy.Id;AuthType=0}))
            }

            $SupTokenElem=$AllElement.SignedEncryptedSupportingTokens
            if($SupTokenElem -eq $null)
            {
                continue
            }

            $SupTokenPolicyElem=$SupTokenElem.Policy
            if($SupTokenPolicyElem -eq $null)
            {
                continue
            }

            $UserNameElem=$SupTokenPolicyElem.UsernameToken
            if($UserNameElem -eq $null -or $UserNameElem.Policy -eq $null -or $UserNameElem.Policy.WssUsernameToken10 -eq $null)
            {
                continue
            }
            $MexPolicies.Add("#$($policy.Id)",(New-Object PSObject -Property @{Id=$policy.Id;AuthType=1}))
            Write-Verbose "[GetMexPolicies] Username/Password Policy $($policy.Id) Added."
        }
    }
    Write-Output $MexPolicies
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves the bindings from the WSFederation metadata
    .PARAMETER MexDocument
        The WSFederation Metadata Document
#>

Function GetMexBindings
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    [OutputType([System.Collections.Hashtable])]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true)]
        [System.Xml.XmlDocument]$MexDocument
    )

    $MexBindings=@{}

    $MexPolicies=GetMexPolicies -MexDocument $MexDocument
    Write-Verbose "[GetMexBindings] Found $($MexPolicies.Count) Policies"

    foreach ($item in $MexDocument.definitions.binding)
    {
        Write-Verbose "[GetMexBindings] Examining Binding $($item.name)"
        $ItemName=$item.name
        if([String]::IsNullOrEmpty($ItemName))
        {
            continue
        }
        $PolicyRefNode=$item.PolicyReference

        if($PolicyRefNode -eq $null)
        {
            continue
        }
        $ItemUri=$PolicyRefNode.URI
        Write-Verbose "[GetMexBindings] Examining Policy Reference $ItemUri"
        if([String]::IsNullOrEmpty($ItemUri) -or $MexBindings.ContainsKey($ItemUri))
        {
            continue
        }

        $OperationNode=$item.operation
        if($OperationNode -eq $null)
        {
            continue
        }

        $OperationSubNode=$OperationNode.operation
        if($OperationSubNode -eq $null)
        {
            continue
        }

        if([String]::IsNullOrEmpty($OperationSubNode.soapAction))
        {
            continue
        }

        $BindingNode=$item.binding
        if($BindingNode -eq $null)
        {
            continue
        }

        if([String]::IsNullOrEmpty($BindingNode.transport))
        {
            continue
        }

        $MexPolicy=$MexPolicies[$ItemUri]
        if($MexPolicy -eq $null)
        {
            continue
        }

        $MexBindings.Add($ItemName,$MexPolicy)
        Write-Verbose "[GetMexBindings] Binding $ItemUri - $ItemName Added."
    }

    Write-Output $MexBindings
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Evaluates the response envelope for SAML assertion tokens
    .PARAMETER StsResponse
        The SOAP Envelope from the STS
#>

Function GetSecurityTokensFromEnvelope
{
    [OutputType([PSObject[]])]
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Xml.XmlDocument[]]$StsResponse
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($item in $StsResponse)
        {
            $Tokens=@()
            $EnvelopeBody=$StsResponse.Envelope.Body
            $TokenResponseCollection=$EnvelopeBody.RequestSecurityTokenResponseCollection
            if($TokenResponseCollection -ne $null)
            {
                foreach ($TokenResponse in $TokenResponseCollection.RequestSecurityTokenResponse)
                {
                    $TokenTypeId=$TokenResponse.TokenType
                    $RequestedToken=$TokenResponse.RequestedSecurityToken
                    $TokenAssertion=$RequestedToken.Assertion.OuterXml
                    if($TokenTypeId -eq $Script:Saml1AssertionType)
                    {
                        $AssertionType=$Script:SamlBearer11TokenType
                    }
                    elseif($TokenTypeId -eq $Script:Saml2AssertionType)
                    {
                        $AssertionType=$Script:SamlBearer20TokenType
                    }
                    #We will default to 2.0 like
                    else
                    {
                        $AssertionType=$Script:SamlBearer20TokenType
                    }
                    $Token=New-Object psobject -Property @{
                        AssertionType=$AssertionType;
                        TokenType=$TokenTypeId;
                        Token=$TokenAssertion;
                    }
                    $Tokens+=$Token
                }
            }
            Write-Output $Tokens            
        }        
    }
}

Function GetAzureADUserRealm
{
    [OutputType([System.Management.Automation.PSCustomObject])]
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String[]]$UserPrincipalName,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationEndpoint=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($item in $UserPrincipalName) {
            $RealmUriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationEndpoint)
            $RealmUriBuilder.Path="/common/UserRealm"
            $RealmUriBuilder.Query="api-version=2.1&user=$item"
            $RealmDetails=Invoke-RestMethod -Uri $RealmUriBuilder.Uri -ContentType "application/json" -ErrorAction Stop
            Write-Output $RealmDetails
        }        
    }
}

Function GetWSFedBindings
{
    [OutputType([System.Collections.Hashtable])]
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Xml.XmlDocument[]]$MexDocument
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($item in $MexDocument)
        {
            $MexPolicyBindings=GetMexBindings -MexDocument $item
            Write-Verbose "[GetWSFedBindings] Found $($MexPolicyBindings.Count) binding(s)"
            foreach($port in $item.definitions.service.port)
            {
                $BindingName=$port.binding
                if([String]::IsNullOrEmpty($BindingName))
                {
                    continue
                }
                $uri=$BindingName.Split(':',2)|Select-Object -Last 1
                Write-Debug "[GetWSFedBindings] Examining Port:$uri"
                if($MexPolicyBindings[$uri] -eq $null)
                {
                    continue
                }
                $EndpointNode=$port.EndpointReference
                if($EndpointNode -eq $null)
                {
                    continue
                }
                $AddressNode=$EndpointNode.Address
                if($AddressNode -eq $null)
                {
                    continue
                }
                Write-Verbose "[GetWSFedBindings] Adding Url:$AddressNode for item $uri"
                $EndpointUri=New-Object System.Uri($AddressNode)
                $MexPolicyBindings[$uri]|Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name Url -Value $EndpointUri
            }
            Write-Verbose "Found $($MexPolicyBindings.Count) binding(s)."
            Write-Output $MexPolicyBindings            
        }
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Evaluates a WSFed metadata document for the specified authentication type
    .PARAMETER MexDocument
        The WSFed metadata
    .PARAMETER AuthType
        The desired authentication type
#>

Function GetWSFedEndpoint
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    [OutputType([System.Uri])]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Xml.XmlDocument]$MexDocument,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [ValidateSet("IntegratedAuth","UsernamePassword")]
        [System.String]$AuthType
    )
    $DesiredAuth=0
    if($AuthType -eq "IntegratedAuth")
    {
        $DesiredAuth=0
    }
    else
    {
        $DesiredAuth=1
    }

    $MexBindings=GetWSFedBindings -MexDocument $MexDocument
    Write-Verbose "[GetWSFedEndpoint] Examining Metadata Bindings..."
    foreach ($BindingId in $MexBindings.Keys)
    {
        Write-Debug "[GetWSFedEndpoint] Examining Binding $($BindingId)"
        $Binding=$MexBindings[$BindingId]
        if($Binding.AuthType -eq $DesiredAuth)
        {
            Write-Debug "[GetWSFedEndpoint] Endpoint:$Binding.Url is a match!"
            Write-Output $Binding.Url
        }
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Issues a request to the security token service and evaluates SAML assertion tokens
    .PARAMETER AuthUri
        The security token service URI
    .PARAMETER Credential
        The credential to use for authentication
#>

Function GetWSTrustResponse
{
    [OutputType([PSObject])]
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthUri,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [pscredential]$Credential,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String]$SoapEnvelopeTemplate=$Script:WSTrustSoapEnvelopeTemplate,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Int32]$LengthInMinutes=10
    )

    $Now=[DateTime]::UtcNow
    $UUID=[Guid]::NewGuid()
    $UserName=$Credential.UserName
    $Password=$Credential.GetNetworkCredential().Password
    Write-Verbose "[GetWSTrustResponse] Executing SOAP Action against $AuthUri"
    $StartTime=$Now.ToString("yyyy'-'MM'-'ddTHH':'mm':'ss'Z'")
    $EndTime=(($Now.AddMinutes($LengthInMinutes)).ToString("yyyy'-'MM'-'ddTHH':'mm':'ss'Z'"))
    $AuthSoapEnvelope=($SoapEnvelopeTemplate -f $UserName,$Password,$UUID,$AuthUri.AbsoluteUri,$StartTime,$EndTime)
    Write-Verbose "[GetWSTrustResponse] Retrieving STS SOAP Response with Validity $StartTime to $EndTime"
    $Headers=@{SOAPAction=''}
    $result=Invoke-RestMethod -Uri $AuthUri -Headers $Headers -Body $AuthSoapEnvelope -Method Post -ContentType "application/soap+xml" -ErrorAction Stop

    Write-Verbose "[GetWSTrustResponse] Evaluating Response Envelope"
    $StsTokens=GetSecurityTokensFromEnvelope -StsResponse $result
    $WSFedResponse=$StsTokens|Where-Object{$_.TokenType -eq $Script:Saml2AssertionType}
    if ($WSFedResponse -eq $null) {
        $WSFedResponse=$StsTokens|Where-Object{$_.TokenType -eq $Script:Saml1AssertionType}
    }
    if ($WSFedResponse -eq $null) {
        throw "Unable to create a User Assertion"
    }
    Write-Output $WSFedResponse
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves an OAuth User Assertion token from the specified username password endpoint
    .PARAMETER UsernamePasswordEndpoint
        The WSFed UsernamePassword endpoint
    .PARAMETER Credential
        The Credential to use for authentication
#>

Function GetWSTrustAssertionToken
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Endpoint,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [pscredential]$Credential
    )
    #TODO:See if we can do integrated auth....
    Write-Verbose "[GetWSTrustAssertionToken] Retrieving SAML Token from $Endpoint"
    $WsResult=GetWSTrustResponse -AuthUri $Endpoint -Credential $Credential
    Write-Verbose "[GetWSTrustAssertionToken] Retrieved SAML Token: $($WsResult.TokenType) Assertion $($WsResult.AssertionType)"
    #Encode the SAML assertion so we can get a token
    $AssertionType=$WsResult.AssertionType
    $TokenBytes=[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes($WsResult.Token)
    $EncodedAssertion=[System.Convert]::ToBase64String($TokenBytes)
    #Go and get the token
    Write-Verbose "[GetWSTrustAssertionToken] Retrieving Bearer Token For User Assertion $($WsResult.AssertionType) for Resource:$Resource"
    $UriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
    $UriBuilder.Path="$TenantId/$TokenEndpoint"
    $UriBuilder.Query="api-version=$TokenApiVersion"
    $RequestBody=[ordered]@{
        'grant_type'=$AssertionType;
        'client_id'=$ClientId;
        'resource'=$Resource.OriginalString;
        'scope'='openid';
        'assertion'=$EncodedAssertion;
    }
    $Response=Invoke-RestMethod -Method Post -Uri $UriBuilder.Uri -Body $RequestBody -ErrorAction Stop
    Write-Output $Response
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retreives an OAuth 2 JWT from Azure Active Directory as a fully managed User
    .PARAMETER Resource
        The Resource Uri to obtain a token for
    .PARAMETER ClientId
        The registered Azure Active Directory application id
    .PARAMETER Credential
        The credential to use for authentication
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure Active Directory tenant id or domain name
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The Azure Active Directory Token AuthorizationEndpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenEndpoint
        The Authorization Token Endpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenApiVersion
        The OAuth Token API Version
#>

Function GetAzureADUserToken
{

    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Resource,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$ClientId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [pscredential]$Credential,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TenantId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenEndpoint='oauth2/token',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenApiVersion=$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenScope="openid"
    )

    $UserName=$Credential.UserName
    $Password=$Credential.GetNetworkCredential().Password

    $UriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
    $UriBuilder.Path="$TenantId/$TokenEndpoint"
    $UriBuilder.Query="api-version=$TokenApiVersion"
    Write-Verbose "[GetAzureADUserToken] Requesting User Token for User $UserName from $($UriBuilder.Uri.AbsoluteUri)"
    $Request=[ordered]@{
        'grant_type'='password';
        'resource'=$Resource.OriginalString;
        'client_id'=$ClientId;
        'username'=$UserName;
        'password'=$Password;
        'scope'=$TokenScope;
    }
    Write-Verbose "Acquiring Token From $($UriBuilder.Uri)"
    $Response=Invoke-RestMethod -Method Post -Uri $UriBuilder.Uri -Body $Request -ErrorAction Stop
    Write-Output $Response
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves an Authorization Code for an application interactively using the OAuth Consent Framework
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The endpoint to navigate for an OAuth authorization code
 
#>

Function GetAzureADAuthorizationCode
{
    [OutputType([String])]
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri
    )

    $ConsentForm=CreateWebForm -NavigateUri $AuthorizationUri -FormTitle "Sign in to Azure Active Directory" -FormWidth 500 -FormHeight 450
    try
    {
        $ConsentBrowser=$ConsentForm.Controls|Select-Object -First 1
        $OnBrowserNavigated={
            param
            (
                [Parameter()]
                [object]
                $sender,
                [Parameter()]
                [System.Windows.Forms.WebBrowserNavigatedEventArgs]
                $e
            )
            $TheForm=$sender.Parent
            Write-Verbose "[GetAzureADAuthorizationCode] Navigated $($e.Url)"
            $uri=New-Object System.Uri($e.Url)
            $QueryParams=$uri.Query.TrimStart('?').Split('&')
            #Make a hashtable of the query
            $Parameters=@{}
            foreach ($item in $QueryParams)
            {
                Write-Verbose "[GetAzureADAuthorizationCode] Parameter:$item"
                $pieces=$item.Split('=')
                $Parameters.Add($pieces[0],[System.Uri]::UnescapeDataString($pieces[1]))
            }
            #Look for the Authorization Code
            if($Parameters.ContainsKey('code'))
            {
                Write-Verbose "[GetAzureADAuthorizationCode] Authorization Code Received!"
                $Script:FormSyncContext.Code=$Parameters['code']
                $TheForm.DialogResult=[System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::OK
                $TheForm.Close()
            }
            #Look for an error (cancel)
            elseif($Parameters.ContainsKey('error'))
            {
                $TheForm.DialogResult=[System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::Abort
                $TheForm.Close()
                $Script:FormSyncContext.Error="$($Parameters['error']):$($Parameters['error_description'].Replace('+'," "))"
                Write-Verbose "[GetAzureADAuthorizationCode] Error Retrieving Access Code:$($Script:FormSyncContext.Error)"
            }
        }
        $OnDocumentCompleted={
            param
            (
                [object]$sender,
                [System.Windows.Forms.WebBrowserDocumentCompletedEventArgs]$e
            )
            $TheForm=$sender.Parent
            Write-Verbose "[GetAzureADAuthorizationCode] Document Completed! Size:$($sender.Document.Body.ScrollRectangle.Size)"
            $TheForm.Text= $sender.Document.Title
        }
        $ConsentBrowser.add_DocumentCompleted($OnDocumentCompleted)
        $ConsentBrowser.add_Navigated($OnBrowserNavigated)
        $ConsentResult=$ConsentForm.ShowDialog()
        if($ConsentResult -eq [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::OK)
        {
            Write-Output $Script:FormSyncContext.Code
        }
        else
        {
            throw "The Operation Was Cancelled. $($Script:FormSyncContext.Error)"    
        }        
    }
    finally
    {
        $ConsentForm.Dispose()   
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves an Access Token for an application interactively using the OAuth Consent Framework.
    .DESCRIPTION
        Retrieves an Access Token for an application interactively using the OAuth Consent Framework.
        Requires the application to allow Implicit Auth
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The endpoint to navigate for an OAuth authorization token
 
#>

Function GetAzureADTokenByWebForm
{
    [OutputType([String])]
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri
    )

    $AuthForm=CreateWebForm -NavigateUri $AuthorizationUri -FormTitle "Sign in to Azure Active Directory" -FormWidth 500 -FormHeight 450
    $AuthBrowser=$AuthForm.Controls|Select-Object -First 1
    $OnBrowserNavigated={
        param
        (
            [Parameter()]
            [object]
            $sender,
            [Parameter()]
            [System.Windows.Forms.WebBrowserNavigatedEventArgs]
            $e
        )
        $TheForm=$sender.Parent
        Write-Verbose "Navigated $($e.Url)"
        $uri=New-Object System.Uri($e.Url)
        if($uri.AbsoluteUri.Contains("#") -and $uri.AbsoluteUri.Contains("access_token"))
        {
            $QueryVals=$uri.AbsoluteUri.Split('#')|Select-Object -Last 1
        }
        else
        {
              $QueryVals=$uri.Query.TrimStart('?')
        }

        $QueryParams=$QueryVals.Split('&')
        #Make a hashtable of the query
        $Parameters=@{}
        foreach ($item in $QueryParams)
        {
            $pieces=$item.Split('=')
            $Parameters.Add($pieces[0],[System.Uri]::UnescapeDataString($pieces[1]))
        }
        #Look for the access token
        if($Parameters.ContainsKey('access_token'))
        {
            Write-Verbose "Access Token Received!"
            $AuthResult=New-Object PSObject -Property $Parameters
            $Script:FormSyncContext.AuthResult=$AuthResult
            $TheForm.DialogResult=[System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::OK
            $TheForm.Close()
        }
        #Look for an error (cancel)
        elseif($Parameters.ContainsKey('error'))
        {
            $TheForm.DialogResult=[System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::Abort
            $TheForm.Close()
            $Script:FormSyncContext.Error="$($Parameters['error']):$($Parameters['error_description'].Replace('+'," "))"
            Write-Verbose "Error Retrieving Access Code:$($Script:FormSyncContext.Error)"
        }
    }
    $OnDocumentCompleted={
        param
        (
            [object]$sender,
            [System.Windows.Forms.WebBrowserDocumentCompletedEventArgs]$e
        )
        $TheForm=$sender.Parent
        Write-Verbose "Document Completed! Size:$($sender.Document.Body.ScrollRectangle.Size)"
        $TheForm.Text= $sender.Document.Title
    }
    $AuthBrowser.add_DocumentCompleted($OnDocumentCompleted)
    $AuthBrowser.add_Navigated($OnBrowserNavigated)
    $AuthResult=$AuthForm.ShowDialog()
    if($AuthResult -eq [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::OK)
    {
        Write-Output $Script:FormSyncContext.AuthResult
    }
    else
    {
        "The Operation Was Cancelled. $($Script:FormSyncContext.Error)"
    }

}

#endregion

#region User Realms

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves the WSFederation details for a given user prinicpal name
    .PARAMETER UserPrincipalName
        The user principal name(s) to retrieve details
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationEndpoint
        The OAuth WSFed Endpoint
#>

Function Get-WSTrustUserRealmDetails
{
    [OutputType([pscustomobject])]
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String[]]$UserPrincipalName,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationEndpoint=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String]$UserRealmApiVersion=$Script:WSFedUserRealmApiVersion
    )
    BEGIN
    {
        $RealmUriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationEndpoint)
        $RealmUriBuilder.Query="api-version=$UserRealmApiVersion"
    }
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($upn in $UserPrincipalName)
        {
            try
            {
                $RealmUriBuilder.Path="/common/UserRealm/$upn"
                Write-Verbose "[Get-WSTrustUserRealmDetails] Retrieving User Realm Detail from $($RealmUriBuilder.Uri.AbsoluteUri) for $upn"
                $RealmDetails=Invoke-RestMethod -Uri $RealmUriBuilder.Uri -ContentType "application/json" -ErrorAction Stop
                if($RealmDetails) {
                    Write-Output $RealmDetails
                }
            }
            catch
            {
                Write-Warning "[Get-WSTrustUserRealmDetails] $upn version:$UserRealmApiVersion $_"
            }
        }
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves a set of objects representing User Realm details for a given User Principal NameSpaceType
    .PARAMETER UserPrincipalName
        The user principal name(s) to retrieve details
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationEndpoint
        The OAuth Endpoint
    .PARAMETER FederationEndpoint
        The WSFed Endpoint
    .DESCRIPTION
        Returns object(s) containing user realm details
        Managed Domains:
            RealmDetails
        Federated Domains:
            FederationDoc
            UsernamePasswordEndpoint
            Bindings
            RealmDetails
            WSFedRealmDetails
            AuthorizationUrl
            IntegratedAuthEndpoint
 
#>

Function Get-AzureADUserRealm
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String[]]$UserPrincipalName,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationEndpoint=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String]$UserRealmApiVersion=$Script:WSFedUserRealmApiVersion
    )

    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($UPN in $UserPrincipalName)
        {

            $RealmDetails=GetAzureADUserRealm -UserPrincipalName $UPN -AuthorizationEndpoint $AuthorizationEndpoint
            Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserRealm] Realm Details $($RealmDetails.DomainName) $($RealmDetails.NamespaceType)"
            if($RealmDetails.NamespaceType -eq "Federated")
            {
                Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserRealm] User is Federated"
                $WsFedRealmDetails=Get-WSTrustUserRealmDetails -UserPrincipalName $UPN -AuthorizationEndpoint $AuthorizationEndpoint
                $MexDataUrl=$WsFedRealmDetails.federation_metadata_url

                Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserRealm] Retrieving Federation Metadata from $MexDataUrl"
                $FedDoc=Invoke-RestMethod -Uri $MexDataUrl -ContentType 'application/soap+xml' -ErrorAction Stop
                $WsTrustBindings=GetWSFedBindings -MexDocument $FedDoc
                $IntegratedEndpoint=GetWSFedEndpoint -MexDocument $FedDoc -AuthType IntegratedAuth -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
                $UsernameEndpoint=GetWSFedEndpoint -MexDocument $FedDoc -AuthType UsernamePassword -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
                $UserRealm=New-Object PSObject -Property @{
                    RealmDetails=$RealmDetails;
                    WSFedRealmDetails=$WsFedRealmDetails;
                    FederationDoc=$FedDoc;
                    Bindings=$WsTrustBindings;
                    IntegratedAuthEndpoint=$IntegratedEndpoint;
                    UsernamePasswordEndpoint=$UsernameEndpoint;
                    AuthorizationUrl=$RealmDetails.AuthUrl;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserRealm] User is Managed"
                $UserRealm=New-Object PSObject -Property @{
                    RealmDetails=$RealmDetails;
                }
            }
            Write-Output $UserRealm
        }
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retreives the Well known OpenId Connect conifguration for the tenant
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The tenant to retrieve the details for
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The target endpoint
#>

Function Get-AzureADOpenIdConfiguration
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipeline=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String[]]$TenantId='common',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($id in $TenantId)
        {
            $OpenIdUriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
            $OpenIdUriBuilder.Path="$id/.well-known/openid-configuration"
            try {
                $OpenIdConfig=Invoke-RestMethod -Uri $OpenIdUriBuilder.Uri -ContentType "application/json" -ErrorAction Stop
                Write-Output $OpenIdConfig
            }
            catch [System.Exception] {
                Write-Warning "[Get-AzureADOpenIdConfiguration] Tenant $id $_"
            }
        }
    }
}

#endregion

#region JWT Helpers

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Converts an encoded JSON Web Token to an object representation
    .PARAMETER RawToken
        The encoded JWT string
    .PARAMETER AsString
        Returns the decoded JWT as a string delimiting sections with a period
#>

Function ConvertFrom-EncodedJWT
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String[]]$RawToken,
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Switch]$AsString
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($JwtString in $RawToken)
        {
            Write-Debug "[ConvertFrom-EncodedJWT] Raw Token $JwtString"
            $TokenSections=$JwtString.Split(".");

            $EncodedHeaders=RemoveBase64UrlPaddingFromString -Data $TokenSections[0]
            $EncodedHeaderBytes=[System.Convert]::FromBase64String($EncodedHeaders)
            $DecodedHeaders=[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString($EncodedHeaderBytes)

            $EncodedPayload=RemoveBase64UrlPaddingFromString -Data $TokenSections[1]
            $EncodedPayloadBytes=[System.Convert]::FromBase64String($EncodedPayload)
            $DecodedPayload=[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString($EncodedPayloadBytes)

            #$EncodedSignature=RemoveBase64PaddingFromString -Data $TokenSections[2]
            #$EncodedSignatureBytes=[System.Convert]::FromBase64String($EncodedSignature)
            #$DecodedSignature=[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString($EncodedSignatureBytes)

            $JwtProperties=@{
                'headers'   = ($DecodedHeaders|ConvertFrom-Json);
                'payload'    = ($DecodedPayload|ConvertFrom-Json);
                #'signature' = ($DecodedSignature|ConvertFrom-Json);
            }
            $DecodedJwt=New-Object PSObject -Property $JwtProperties
            if($AsString.IsPresent)
            {
                #$OutputJwt="$DecodedHeaders`n.$DecodedPayload`n.$DecodedSignature"
                $OutputJwt="$DecodedHeaders`n.$DecodedPayload"
                Write-Output $OutputJwt
            }
            else
            {
                Write-Output $DecodedJwt
            }
        }
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Test whether the current JWT is expired
    .PARAMETER Token
        The JWT as a string
#>

Function Test-JWTHasExpired
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
       [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
       [String[]]$Token
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($item in $Token)
        {
            $DecodedToken=ConvertFrom-EncodedJWT -RawToken $item
            $ExpireTime=ConvertFromUnixTime -UnixTime $DecodedToken.payload.exp
            Write-Debug "[Test-JWTHasExpired] Token Expires: $($ExpireTime)"
            if([System.DateTime]::UtcNow -gt $ExpireTime)
            {
                Write-Output $true
            }
            Write-Output $false
        }
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Return the current JWT expiry as a DateTime
    .PARAMETER Token
        The JWT as a string
    .PARAMETER AsLocal
        Whether to return the time localized to the current time zone
#>

Function Get-JWTExpiry
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param
    (
       [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
       [String[]]$Token,
       [Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
       [Switch]$AsLocal
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($item in $Token)
        {
            $DecodedToken=ConvertFrom-EncodedJWT -RawToken $item
            $ExpireTime=ConvertFromUnixTime -UnixTime $DecodedToken.payload.exp
            if($AsLocal.IsPresent)
            {
                $ExpireTime=$ExpireTime.ToLocalTime()
            }
            Write-Output $ExpireTime
        }
    }
}

#endregion

#region Token/Code Request

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Request an Azure AD OAuth2 authorization code interactively
    .PARAMETER ConnectionDetails
        An object containing all the AAD connection properties
    .PARAMETER Resource
        The Resource Uri to obtain a token for
    .PARAMETER ClientId
        The registered Azure Active Directory application id
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The Azure Active Directory Token AuthorizationEndpoint
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure Active Directory tenant id or domain name
    .PARAMETER RedirectUri
        The approved Redirect URI request for the application
    .PARAMETER AuthEndpoint
        The OAuth2 authorization endpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenApiVersion
        The OAuth Token API Version
    .PARAMETER Consent
        Whether to grant consent during the request
    .PARAMETER AdminConsent
        Whether to grant admin consent during the request
    .PARAMETER Scope
        The oauth scopes to apply to the authorization request
#>

Function Get-AzureADAuthorizationCode
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Resource,
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$ClientId,
        [ValidateNotNull()]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$RedirectUri,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TenantId="common",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$AuthEndpoint='oauth2/authorize',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenApiVersion=$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Switch]$Consent,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Switch]$AdminConsent,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String[]]$Scope=@('user_impersonation','openid')
    )

    $TokenUriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
    $TokenUriBuilder.Path="$TenantId/$AuthEndpoint"
    #We will assume they got the Uri correct on entry
    $TokenQuery="&redirect_uri=$([Uri]::EscapeDataString($RedirectUri.AbsoluteUri))&resource=$([Uri]::EscapeDataString($Resource.OriginalString))"
    $TokenQuery+="&api-version=$TokenApiVersion&client_id=$($ClientId)&response_type=code"
    if($Consent.IsPresent)
    {
        $TokenQuery+="&prompt=consent"
    }
    elseif($AdminConsent.IsPresent)
    {
        $TokenQuery+="&prompt=admin_consent"
    }
    else
    {
        $TokenQuery+="&prompt=login"
    }
    if($Scope -ne $null)
    {
        $TokenQuery+="&scope=$([String]::Join('+',$Scope))"
    }
    $TokenUriBuilder.Query=$TokenQuery
    $AuthResult=GetAzureADAuthorizationCode -AuthorizationUri $TokenUriBuilder.Uri
    if ($AuthResult) {
        Write-Output $AuthResult
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Approve an Azure Active Directory Application using the OAuth consent framework
    .PARAMETER ConnectionDetails
        An object containing all the AAD connection properties
    .PARAMETER ClientId
        The registered Azure Active Directory application id
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationCode
        The Authorization Code to exchange
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The Azure Active Directory Token AuthorizationEndpoint
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure Active Directory tenant id or domain name
    .PARAMETER RedirectUri
        The approved Redirect URI request for the application
    .PARAMETER TokenEndpoint
        The Authorization Token Endpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenApiVersion
        The OAuth Token API Version
    .PARAMETER AdminConsent
        Whether to grant admin consent during the request
    .PARAMETER NativeClient
        Uses default native client redirect uri if one is not specified
#>

Function Approve-AzureADApplication
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [string]$ClientId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$RedirectUri,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Resource,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TenantId="common",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenEndpoint='oauth2/token',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$AuthCodeEndpoint='oauth2/authorize',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        $TokenApiVersion=$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Switch]$AdminConsent,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Switch]$NativeClient
    )

    if($NativeClient.IsPresent -and $RedirectUri -eq $null)
    {
        Write-Verbose "[Approve-AzureADApplication] Using Default Native Redirect URI:$Script:DefaultNativeRedirectUri"
        $RedirectUri=$Script:DefaultNativeRedirectUri
    }

    $ConsentUriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
    $ConsentUriBuilder.Path="$TenantId/$AuthCodeEndpoint"
    $QueryStr="api-version=$TokenApiVersion"
    $ConsentType="consent"
    if($AdminConsent.IsPresent)
    {
        Write-Verbose "[Approve-AzureADApplication] Admin Consent Present!"
        $ConsentType="admin_consent"
    }
    $QueryStr+="&client_id=$($ClientId)"
    if ($RedirectUri -ne $null) {
        $QueryStr+="&redirect_uri=$([Uri]::EscapeDataString($RedirectUri.AbsoluteUri))"
    }
    #We will assume they got the Uri correct on entry
    if ($Resource -ne $null) {
        $QueryStr+="&resource=$([Uri]::EscapeDataString($Resource.OriginalString))"
    }
    $QueryStr+="&response_type=code&prompt=$ConsentType"
    $ConsentUriBuilder.Query=$QueryStr
    $AuthCode=GetAzureADAuthorizationCode -AuthorizationUri $ConsentUriBuilder.Uri.AbsoluteUri
    Write-Output $AuthCode
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Exchanges an Azure Active Directory Authorization Code for a Token
    .PARAMETER ConnectionDetails
        An object containing all the AAD connection properties
    .PARAMETER Resource
        The Resource Uri to obtain a token for
    .PARAMETER ClientId
        The registered Azure Active Directory application id
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure Active Directory tenant id or domain name
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationCode
        The Authorization Code to exchange
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The Azure Active Directory Token AuthorizationEndpoint
    .PARAMETER RedirectUri
        The approved Redirect URI request for the application
    .PARAMETER TokenEndpoint
        The Authorization Token Endpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenApiVersion
        The OAuth Token API Version
#>

Function Get-AzureADAccessTokenFromCode
{
    [OutputType([pscustomobject])]
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Resource,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$RedirectUri=$Script:DefaultNativeRedirectUri,
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$ClientId,
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$AuthorizationCode,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TenantId="common",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenEndpoint='oauth2/token',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenApiVersion=$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion
    )

    $TokenUriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
    $TokenUriBuilder.Path="$TenantId/$TokenEndpoint"
    $TokenUriBuilder.Query="api-version=$TokenApiVersion"
    $Request=[ordered]@{
        'grant_type'='authorization_code';
        'client_id'=$ClientId;
        'resource'=$Resource.OriginalString;
        'scope'='openid';
        'code'=$AuthorizationCode;
        'redirect_uri'=$RedirectUri.AbsoluteUri;
    }
    $Response=Invoke-RestMethod -Method Post -Uri $TokenUriBuilder.Uri -Body $Request -ErrorAction Stop
    Write-Output $Response
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retreives an OAuth 2 JWT from Azure Active Directory as an Application
    .PARAMETER ConnectionDetails
        An object containing all the AAD connection properties
    .PARAMETER Resource
        The Resource Uri to obtain a token for
    .PARAMETER ClientId
        The registered Azure Active Directory application id
    .PARAMETER ClientSecret
        The client secret to use for authentication
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure Active Directory tenant id or domain name
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The Azure Active Directory Token AuthorizationEndpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenEndpoint
        The Authorization Token Endpoint
    .PARAMETER AuthCodeEndpoint
        The Authorization Code Endpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenApiVersion
        The OAuth Token API Version
#>

Function Get-AzureADClientToken
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Resource,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$ClientId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$ClientSecret,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TenantId="common",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenEndpoint='oauth2/token',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenApiVersion=$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion
    )

    $UriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
    $UriBuilder.Path="$TenantId/$TokenEndpoint"
    $UriBuilder.Query="api-version=$TokenApiVersion"
    Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADClientToken] Retrieving token for Client:$ClientId Tenant:$TenantId with Client Secret:[REDACTED] at $($UriBuilder.Uri.AbsolutePath)"
    $Request=[ordered]@{
        'grant_type'='client_credentials';
        'client_id'=$ClientId;
        'client_secret'=$ClientSecret;
        'resource'=$Resource.OriginalString
    }
    $Response=Invoke-RestMethod -Method Post -Uri $UriBuilder.Uri -Body $Request -ErrorAction Stop
    Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADClientToken] Success!"
    Write-Output $Response
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retreives an OAuth 2 JWT from Azure Active Directory as a User
    .PARAMETER ConnectionDetails
        An object containing all the AAD connection properties
    .PARAMETER Resource
        The Resource Uri to obtain a token for
    .PARAMETER ClientId
        The registered Azure Active Directory application id
    .PARAMETER Credential
        The credential to use for authentication
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure Active Directory tenant id or domain name
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The Azure Active Directory Token AuthorizationEndpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenEndpoint
        The Authorization Token Endpoint
    .PARAMETER AuthCodeEndpoint
        The Authorization Code Endpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenApiVersion
        The OAuth Token API Version
    .PARAMETER UseMicrosoftAccount
        Use a microsoft account interactively
#>

Function Get-AzureADUserToken
{
    [OutputType([psobject])]
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None',DefaultParameterSetName='explicit')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='usemsa',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='explicit',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Resource=$Script:DefaultAzureManagementUri,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='usemsa',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='explicit',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$ClientId=$Script:DefaultPowershellClientId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ParameterSetName='explicit',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [pscredential]$Credential,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='explicit',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='usemsa',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TenantId="common",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='usemsa',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='explicit',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='usemsa',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='explicit',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenEndpoint='oauth2/token',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='usemsa',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='explicit',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$AuthCodeEndpoint='oauth2/authorize',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='explicit',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='usemsa',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenApiVersion=$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ParameterSetName='usemsa',ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Switch]$UseMicrosoftAccount
    )

    Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserToken] Retrieving OAuth Token ClientId:$ClientId Resource:$Resource Tenant:$TenantId as $($Credential.UserName)"
    if($PSCmdlet.ParameterSetName -eq 'usemsa')
    {
        Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserToken] Using Microsoft Account - Requires Interactive Login"
        if($TenantId -ne 'common' -and $TenantId -notmatch '^[{(]?[0-9A-F]{8}[-]?([0-9A-F]{4}[-]?){3}[0-9A-F]{12}[)}]?$')
        {
            Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserToken] Retrieving OpenId openid-configuration for $TenantId"
            $OpenIdConfig=Get-AzureADOpenIdConfiguration -TenantId $TenantId
            [Uri]$AuthUri=$OpenIdConfig.authorization_endpoint
            $TenantId=$AuthUri.AbsolutePath.TrimStart('/').Split('/')|Select-Object -First 1
        }
        $AuthCode=Get-AzureADAuthorizationCode -Resource $Resource -ClientId $ClientId `
            -RedirectUri $Script:DefaultNativeRedirectUri -TenantId 'common' -AuthorizationUri $AuthorizationUri `
            -AuthEndpoint $AuthCodeEndpoint -TokenApiVersion $TokenApiVersion
        $AuthToken=Get-AzureADAccessTokenFromCode -Resource $Resource -ClientId $ClientId -RedirectUri $Script:DefaultNativeRedirectUri `
            -AuthorizationCode $AuthCode -TenantId 'common' -AuthorizationUri $AuthorizationUri `
            -TokenEndpoint $TokenEndpoint -TokenApiVersion $TokenApiVersion
        if($TenantId -ne 'common')
        {
            Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserToken] Retrieving Refresh token for $TenantId audience"
            $AuthToken=Get-AzureADRefreshToken -Resource $Resource -RefreshToken $AuthToken.refresh_token `
                -ClientId $ClientId -TenantId $TenantId `
                -AuthorizationUri $AuthorizationUri -TokenEndpoint $TokenEndpoint
        }
        Write-Output $AuthToken
    }
    else
    {
        $UserRealm=Get-AzureADUserRealm -UserPrincipalName $Credential.UserName -AuthorizationEndpoint $AuthorizationUri
        Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserToken] Realm $($UserRealm.RealmDetails.DomainName) NamespaceType:$($UserRealm.RealmDetails.NameSpaceType)"
        if($UserRealm.FederationDoc -eq $null)
        {
            Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserToken] Retrieving OAuth Token for Client:$ClientId as $($Credential.UserName)"
            $UserResult=GetAzureADUserToken -Resource $Resource -ClientId $ClientId -Credential $Credential -TenantId $TenantId
            if ($UserResult -ne $null) {
                Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserToken] Successfully received an OAuth Token!"
                Write-Output $UserResult
            }
            else {
                throw "Failed to receive an OAuth Token!"
            }
        }
        else
        {
            Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserToken] Retrieving WSFed User Assertion Token"
            #Where to we need to authenticate???
            #TODO:See if we can do integrated auth....
            if([String]::IsNullOrEmpty($UserRealm.UsernamePasswordEndpoint) -eq $false)
            {
                $AssertionResult=GetWSTrustAssertionToken -Endpoint $UserRealm.UsernamePasswordEndpoint -Credential $Credential
                if ($AssertionResult -ne $null)
                {
                    Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADUserToken] Successfully received a WSFed User Assertion Token!"
                }
                else
                {
                    throw "Failed to receive a WSFed User Assertion Token!"
                }
                Write-Output $AssertionResult
            }
            else {
                throw "There is no Username/Password endpoint specified in the Federation Document"
            }
        }
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves an OAuth2 JWT using the refresh token framework
    .DESCRIPTION
        Retrieves an OAuth2 JWT using the refresh token framework
    .PARAMETER ConnectionDetails
        An object containing all the AAD connection properties
    .PARAMETER RefreshToken
        The JWT refresh token
    .PARAMETER Resource
        The Resource Uri to obtain a token for
    .PARAMETER ClientId
        The registered Azure Active Directory application id
    .PARAMETER Credential
        The credential to use for authentication
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure Active Directory tenant id or domain name
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The Azure Active Directory Token AuthorizationEndpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenEndpoint
        The Authorization Token Endpoint
    .PARAMETER AuthCodeEndpoint
        The Authorization Code Endpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenApiVersion
        The OAuth Token API Version
 
#>

Function Get-AzureADRefreshToken
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Resource,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [string]$RefreshToken,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [string]$ClientId=$Script:DefaultPowershellClientId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TenantId="common",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenEndpoint='oauth2/token',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$AuthCodeEndpoint='oauth2/authorize',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenApiVersion=$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion
    )
    Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADRefreshToken] Retrieving OAuth Refresh Token for ClientId:$ClientId Resource:$Resource Tenant:$TenantId"

    $UriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
    $UriBuilder.Path="$TenantId/$TokenEndpoint"
    $UriBuilder.Query="api-version=$TokenApiVersion"

    Write-Verbose "[GetAzureADUserToken] Requesting User Token for User $UserName from $($UriBuilder.Uri.AbsoluteUri)"
    $Request=[ordered]@{
        'grant_type'='refresh_token';
        'resource'=$Resource.OriginalString;
        'client_id'=$ClientId;
        'refresh_token'=$RefreshToken
    }
    Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADRefreshToken] Acquiring Token From $($UriBuilder.Uri)"
    $Response=Invoke-RestMethod -Method Post -Uri $UriBuilder.Uri -Body $Request -ErrorAction Stop
    Write-Output $Response
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves an OAuth access token interactively for an application allowing Implicit Flow
    .DESCRIPTION
        Retrieves an OAuth access token interactively for an application allowing Implicit Flow
    .PARAMETER ConnectionDetails
        An object containing all the AAD connection properties
    .PARAMETER Resource
        The Resource Uri to obtain a token for
    .PARAMETER ClientId
        The registered Azure Active Directory application id
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The Azure Active Directory Token AuthorizationEndpoint
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure Active Directory tenant id or domain name
    .PARAMETER RedirectUri
        The approved Redirect URI request for the application
    .PARAMETER AuthEndpoint
        The OAuth2 authorization endpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenApiVersion
        The OAuth Token API Version
    .PARAMETER Consent
        Whether to grant consent during the request
    .PARAMETER AdminConsent
        Whether to grant admin consent during the request
#>

Function Get-AzureADImplicitFlowToken
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Resource,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$ClientId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$RedirectUri,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TenantId="common",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$AuthEndpoint='oauth2/authorize',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenApiVersion=$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Switch]$Consent,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [Switch]$AdminConsent
    )

    $TokenUriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
    $TokenUriBuilder.Path="$TenantId/$AuthEndpoint"
    $TokenQuery="&redirect_uri=$([Uri]::EscapeDataString($RedirectUri.AbsoluteUri))&resource=$([Uri]::EscapeDataString($Resource.OriginalString))"
    $TokenQuery+="&api-version=$TokenApiVersion&client_id=$($ClientId)&response_type=token"
    if($Consent.IsPresent)
    {
        $TokenQuery+="&prompt=consent"
    }
    elseif($AdminConsent.IsPresent)
    {
        $TokenQuery+="&prompt=admin_consent"
    }
    else
    {
        $TokenQuery+="&prompt=login"
    }
    $TokenUriBuilder.Query=$TokenQuery
    $AuthResult=GetAzureADTokenByWebForm -AuthorizationUri $TokenUriBuilder.Uri
    Write-Output $AuthResult
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves an OAuth access token using a certificate
    .DESCRIPTION
        Retrieves an OAuth access token using a certificate
    .PARAMETER ConnectionDetails
        An object containing all the AAD connection properties
    .PARAMETER Resource
        The Resource Uri to obtain a token for
    .PARAMETER Certificate
        The certificate to sign the token request
    .PARAMETER NotBefore
        The start of token validity
    .PARAMETER Expires
        The start of token expiration
    .PARAMETER ClientId
        The registered Azure Active Directory application id
    .PARAMETER AuthorizationUri
        The Azure Active Directory Token AuthorizationEndpoint
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure Active Directory tenant id or domain name
    .PARAMETER RedirectUri
        The approved Redirect URI request for the application
    .PARAMETER AuthEndpoint
        The OAuth2 authorization endpoint
    .PARAMETER TokenApiVersion
        The OAuth Token API Version
#>

Function Get-AzureADClientAssertionToken
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$Resource=$Script:DefaultAzureManagementUri,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$ClientId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2]$Certificate,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TenantId="common",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [DateTime]$NotBefore=([DateTime]::UtcNow),
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [datetime]$Expires=($NotBefore.AddMinutes(60)),
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$AssertionType=$Script:OauthClientAssertionType,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$AuthorizationUri=$Script:DefaultAuthUrl,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenEndpoint='oauth2/token',
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.String]$TokenApiVersion=$Script:DefaultTokenApiVersion
    )
    
    Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADClientAssertionToken] Retrieving client assertion token using certificate $($Certificate.GetCertHashString())"
    $TokenUriBuilder=New-Object System.UriBuilder($AuthorizationUri)
    $TokenUriBuilder.Path="$TenantId/$TokenEndpoint"
    $Sha=New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.SHA256Cng
    $RsaProvider=GetRsaCryptoProvider -RsaProvider $Certificate.PrivateKey
    try
    {
        #Get the client assertion
        $ClientAssertion=NewClientAssertion -Certificate $Certificate `
            -ClientId $ClientId -Audience $TokenUriBuilder.Uri `
            -Expires $Expires -NotBefore $NotBefore
        #Sign it
        $AssertionBytes=[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes($ClientAssertion)
        $SignedTokenBytes=$RsaProvider.SignData($AssertionBytes,$Sha)
        $SignedToken=[Convert]::ToBase64String($SignedTokenBytes)|AddBase64UrlPaddingToString
        $EncodedAssertion="$ClientAssertion.$SignedToken"
        #Get the token
        $RequestBody=[ordered]@{
            'grant_type'='client_credentials';
            'client_id'=$ClientId;
            'resource'=$Resource.OriginalString;
            'client_assertion'=$EncodedAssertion;
            'client_assertion_type'=$AssertionType;
        }
        Write-Verbose "[Get-AzureADClientAssertionToken] Retrieving token with gigned assertion $EncodedAssertion"
        $TokenResponse=Invoke-RestMethod -Uri $TokenUriBuilder.Uri -Method Post -Body $RequestBody -ErrorAction Stop
        Write-Output $TokenResponse
    }
    catch
    {
        throw "Error Acquiring Client Assertion Token $_"
    }
    finally
    {
        $Sha.Dispose()   
    }
}

#endregion

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Retrieves the Azure AD Token Signing Key
    .DESCRIPTION
        Retrieves the Azure AD Token Signing Key
    .PARAMETER TenantId
        The Azure AD Tenant Id
    .PARAMETER CertficateHash
        The discovery key Hash
    .PARAMETER DiscoveryUri
        The discovery key URI
#>

Function Get-AzureADDiscoveryKey
{
    [CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact='None')]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String]$TenantId="common",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String]$CertificateHash,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [System.Uri]$DiscoveryUri="https://login.windows.net",
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [String]$KeyPath="discovery/keys"
    )

    $KeyUriBld=New-Object System.UriBuilder($DiscoveryUri)
    $KeyUriBld.Path="$TenantId/$($KeyPath.TrimStart('/'))"
    $KeyResult=Invoke-RestMethod -Uri $KeyUriBld.Uri -Method Get -ContentType 'application/json'
    if ($KeyResult -ne $null) {
        $Output=$KeyResult|Select-Object -ExpandProperty 'keys'
        if([String]::IsNullOrEmpty($CertificateHash) -eq $false)
        {
            $Output=$Output|Where-Object 'x5t' -eq $CertificateHash|Select-Object -First 1
        }
        if($Output -ne $null)
        {
            Write-Output $Output
        }
    }
}

<#
    .SYNOPSIS
        Converts a discovery key object to an x509 Certificate
    .DESCRIPTION
        Converts a discovery key object to an x509 Certificate
    .PARAMETER Key
        The open id discovery key object
#>

Function ConvertFrom-AzureADDiscoveryKey
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    [OutputType([System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2])]
    param
    (
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline=$true,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true)]
        [PSObject[]]$Key
    )
    PROCESS
    {
        foreach ($item in $Key)
        {
            if($Script:DiscoveryKeyCache.ContainsKey($item.x5t))
            {
                Write-Verbose "[ConvertFrom-AzureADDiscoveryKey] Using cached certificate matching hash $($item.x5t)"
                $Cert=$Script:DiscoveryKeyCache[$item.x5t]
            }
            else
            {
                $Cert=New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2(([Convert]::FromBase64String($item.x5c[0])),$item.kid)
                $Script:DiscoveryKeyCache.Add($item.x5t,$Cert)
            }
            Write-Output $Cert
        }
    }
}